The Human Fossil Record:
A Digital Resource for Research and Education

Collections

• National Museums of Kenya [1058]
  • Medical CT scans [75]
    • KNM-ER 406 P. boisei cranium medical ct [7]
    • KNM-ER 1805 H. habilis cranium medical ct [6]
    • KNM-ER 1805 H. habilis maxilla mandible medical ct [6]
    • KNM-ER 1813 H. habilis cranium medical ct [6]
    • KNM-ER 3733 H. erectus cranium medical ct [6]
    • KNM-ER 3883 H. erectus cranium medical ct [6]
    • KNM-ES 11693 Homo sp. cranium medical ct [6]
    • KNM-WT 15000 H. erectus skull medical ct [6]
    • KNM-WT 15000 H. erectus vertebrae and ribs medical ct [7]
    • KNM-WT 17000 P. aethiopicus cranium medical ct [6]
    • KNM-WT 60000 H. rudolfensis mandible medical ct [6]
    • KNM-WT 62000 H. rudolfensis maxilla medical ct [7]
  • MicroCT scans [983]
    • KNM-BK [24]
      • KNM-BK 67 H. erectus mandible high res [6]
      • KNM-BK 67 H. erectus mandible overview [6]
      • KNM-BK 8518 H. erectus mandible high res [6]
      • KNM-BK 8518 H. erectus mandible overview [6]
    • KNM-CH [6]
      • KNM-CH1B P. boisei right maxilla [6]
    • KNM-ER [430]
      • KNM-ER 406 P. boisei cranium [6]
      • KNM-ER 729 P. boisei mandible [6]
      • KNM-ER 730A H. erectus partial mandible [6]
      • KNM-ER 732A P. boisei cranium [6]
      • KNM-ER 733E P. boisei left maxilla [6]
      • KNM-ER 738AB Hominin left femur [6]
      • KNM-ER 738AB Hominin left proximal femur [6]
      • KNM-ER 807 Homo sp. right partial maxilla [6]
      • KNM-ER 815 Hominin left proximal femur [6]
      • KNM-ER 820 H. erectus mandible [6]
      • KNM-ER 992A H. erectus partial mandible high res [6]
      • KNM-ER 992A H. erectus partial mandible overview [6]
      • KNM-ER 992B H. erectus partial mandible high res [6]
      • KNM-ER 992B H. erectus partial mandible overview [6]
      • KNM-ER 1465A Hominin left proximal femur [6]
      • KNM-ER 1470 H. rudolfensis cranium [7]
      • KNM-ER 1470 H. rudolfensis occipital fragment [6]
      • KNM-ER 1472 Hominin right femur [6]
      • KNM-ER 1473 Hominin right proximal humerus [7]
      • KNM-ER 1477A P. boisei mandible [6]
      • KNM-ER 1481A H. habilis left femur [6]
      • KNM-ER 1502 Homo sp. partial mandible [6]
      • KNM-ER 1503 Hominin right proximal femur [6]
      • KNM-ER 1505A Hominin left proximal femur [6]
      • KNM-ER 1505B Hominin left femur shaft fragment [7]
      • KNM-ER 1506A Homo sp. partial mandible [6]
      • KNM-ER 1507 Homo sp. partial mandible [6]
      • KNM-ER 1802 Homo sp. mandible [6]
      • KNM-ER 1805 H. habilis cranium [7]
      • KNM-ER 1805 H. habilis mandible [6]
      • KNM-ER 1805 H. habilis maxilla [6]
      • KNM-ER 1805 H. habilis occipital fragment [7]
      • KNM-ER 1813 H. habilis cranium [6]
      • KNM-ER 1813 H. habilis maxilla [6]
      • KNM-ER 1820 P. boisei partial mandible [6]
      • KNM-ER 3228 H. erectus right os coxae [6]
      • KNM-ER 3230 P. boisei mandible [6]
      • KNM-ER 3728 Hominin left femur [6]
      • KNM-ER 3728 Hominin left proximal femur [6]
      • KNM-ER 3733 H. erectus cranium [7]
      • KNM-ER 3883 H. erectus cranium [7]
      • KNM-ER 3884 Homo sp. maxilla [6]
      • KNM-ER 3884 Homo sp. neurocranium [7]
      • KNM-ER 7727 A. anamensis ULM2 [6]
      • KNM-ER 13750 P. boisei cranium [7]
      • KNM-ER 15930 P. boisei partial mandible [6]
      • KNM-ER 18538 A. anamensis URP4 [7]
      • KNM-ER 18539 A. anamensis URP3 [7]
      • KNM-ER 20421 A. anamensis URM3 [6]
      • KNM-ER 20422 A. anamensis LLM1 [6]
      • KNM-ER 20423 A. anamensis LLM2 [6]
      • KNM-ER 20426 A. anamensis TOOTH [6]
      • KNM-ER 20427 A. anamensis ULM1 [6]
      • KNM-ER 20428 A. anamensis LLM3 [6]
      • KNM-ER 22683 A. anamensis LLP4 [7]
      • KNM-ER 23000 P. boisei cranium [7]
      • KNM-ER 24148 A. anamensis ULDM2 [6]
      • KNM-ER 25520 P. boisei partial mandible [7]
      • KNM-ER 30200 A. anamensis partial left maxilla [6]
      • KNM-ER 30201 A. anamensis LLM1 [6]
      • KNM-ER 30745 A. anamensis partial left maxilla [6]
      • KNM-ER 35228 A. anamensis LRP4 [7]
      • KNM-ER 35231 A. anamensis URM [6]
      • KNM-ER 35232 A. anamensis LLM1 [6]
      • KNM-ER 35233 A. anamensis LLM2 [6]
      • KNM-ER 35235 A. anamensis ULM2 [6]
      • KNM-ER 35236 A. anamensis ULM3 [6]
      • KNM-ER 42700 H. erectus cranium [7]
      • KNM-ER 42703 Homo sp. right maxilla [6]
    • KNM-ES [6]
      • KNM-ES 11693 Homo sp. cranium [6]
    • KNM-KP [230]
      • KNM-KP 29281L A. anamensis mandible [6]
      • KNM-KP 29281R A. anamensis mandible [6]
      • KNM-KP 29283L A. anamensis left maxilla [6]
      • KNM-KP 29283R A. anamensis right maxilla [6]
      • KNM-KP 29284A A. anamensis LRC [8]
      • KNM-KP 29284B A. anamensis LRP3 [7]
      • KNM-KP 29286 A. anamensis partial mandible [6]
      • KNM-KP 29286Ai A. anamensis LRP3 [7]
      • KNM-KP 29286Aiii A. anamensis LRC [8]
      • KNM-KP 29286B A. anamensis LRP4 [7]
      • KNM-KP 29286C A. anamensis LRM1 [6]
      • KNM-KP 29287E A. anamensis LRP3 [7]
      • KNM-KP 29287F A. anamensis LRM3 [6]
      • KNM-KP 30498C A. anamensis URP3 [8]
      • KNM-KP 30498D A. anamensis ULM3 [6]
      • KNM-KP 30498E A. anamensis URM3 [7]
      • KNM-KP 30498F A. anamensis partial left maxilla [6]
      • KNM-KP 30500B A. anamensis LLM3 [6]
      • KNM-KP 30500D A. anamensis LRM2 [6]
      • KNM-KP 30500E A. anamensis LRM3 [6]
      • KNM-KP 30500F A. anamensis LLP3 [7]
      • KNM-KP 30500G A. anamensis LLP4 [7]
      • KNM-KP 30502D A. anamensis LRM3 [6]
      • KNM-KP 30502E A. anamensis LLM3 [6]
      • KNM-KP 31712J A. anamensis LRM1 [6]
      • KNM-KP 31712K A. anamensis LLM1 [6]
      • KNM-KP 31717A A. anamensis ULM3 [6]
      • KNM-KP 31717B A. anamensis LRM3 [6]
      • KNM-KP 31723 A. anamensis URM3 [6]
      • KNM-KP 31728 A. anamensis LLM1 [6]
      • KNM-KP 34725G A. anamensis URM2 [6]
      • KNM-KP 34725H A. anamensis LLI1 [7]
      • KNM-KP 34725R A. anamensis LRM1 [6]
      • KNM-KP 34725S A. anamensis LLM1 [6]
      • KNM-KP 34725T A. anamensis LLM2 [6]
      • KNM-KP 35842 A. anamensis URM [6]
    • KNM-MB [7]
      • KNM-MB 29100 V. macinnesi cranium [7]
    • KNM-RU [25]
      • KNM-RU 7290 E. heseloni cranium [7]
      • KNM-RU 7290 E. heseloni mandible [6]
      • KNM-RU 7290 E. heseloni maxilla [6]
      • KNM-RU 7290 E. heseloni mandible high resolution [6]
    • KNM-SH [6]
      • KNM-SH 8531 S. kiptalami left maxilla [6]
    • KNM-SO [6]
      • KNM-SO700 R. gordoni maxilla [6]
    • KNM-TH [19]
      • KNM-TH 28860 E. africanus partial mandible LLC-LLM3 [6]
      • KNM-TH 28860 E. africanus partial mandible LLI1-LRI2 [7]
      • KNM-TH 28860 E. africanus partial mandible LRP3-LRM1 [6]
    • KNM-WK [18]
      • KNM-WK 16956 S. enjiessi mandible [6]
      • KNM-WK 16960B S. enjiessi maxilla fragment [6]
      • KNM-WK 18117 A. turkanensis right proximal femur [6]
    • KNM-WT [206]
      • KNM-WT 8556 Hominin partial mandible [6]
      • KNM-WT 15000A H. erectus cranium [6]
      • KNM-WT 15000A H. erectus maxilla [7]
      • KNM-WT 15000A H. erectus nasal bone [6]
      • KNM-WT 15000AW H. erectus right os coxae fragment [6]
      • KNM-WT 15000AX H. erectus left os coxae fragment [6]
      • KNM-WT 15000BF H. erectus left os coxae fragment [6]
      • KNM-WT 15000BG H. erectus left os coxae fragment [6]
      • KNM-WT 15000B H. erectus mandible high res [6]
      • KNM-WT 15000B H. erectus mandible overview [6]
      • KNM-WT 15000BU H. erectus first right metacarpal [7]
      • KNM-WT 15000BV H. erectus left first metacarpal [6]
      • KNM-WT 15000F H. erectus right humerus [6]
      • KNM-WT 15000F H. erectus right proximal humerus [6]
      • KNM-WT 15000G H. erectus right femur [6]
      • KNM-WT 15000G H. erectus right proximal femur [6]
      • KNM-WT 15000H H. erectus left femur [6]
      • KNM-WT 15000H H. erectus left proximal femur [6]
      • KNM-WT 15000M H. erectus right distal femur [7]
      • KNM-WT 15000N H. erectus left os coxae [6]
      • KNM-WT 15000O H. erectus right os coxae [6]
      • KNM-WT 15000P H. erectus right os coxae fragment [6]
      • KNM-WT 15000Q H. erectus left os coxae fragment [6]
      • KNM-WT 16002 Hominin right femur [6]
      • KNM-WT 16002 Hominin right proximal femur [6]
      • KNM-WT 16005 P. aethiopicus mandible [6]
      • KNM-WT 17000 P. boisei cranium [7]
      • KNM-WT 17400 P. boisei cranium [7]
      • KNM-WT 17400 P. boisei maxilla [6]
      • KNM-WT 38343 K. platyops mandible fragment [6]
      • KNM-WT 38343 K. platyops right maxilla fragment [7]
      • KNM-WT 40000 K. platyops cranium [7]
      • KNM-WT 40000 K. platyops maxilla [7]
• Ditsong National Museum of Natural History [420]
  • Kromdraai [420]
• Espace muséal d’Andenne [139]
  • Scladina [139]
• Jersey Museum [58]
  • La Cotte de St Brelade [58]
• McGregor Museum [15]
  • Equus Cave [15]
• MiC-SABAP Imperia Savona [435]
  • Museo Archaeologico del Finale [424]
  • Santa Lucia Superiore [11]
• Musée des Confluences [150]
  • Gorilla [36]
  • Hylobates [30]
  • Pan [84]
• Musée Archéologie Nationale [6]
  • La Quina [6]
• Museum für Naturkunde [8]
• National Museum of Lao PDR [8]
  • TNH2-1 Denisovan EDJ [1]
  • TNH2-1 Denisovan OES [1]
  • Tam Pa Ling 1 H. sapiens frontal [1]
  • Tam Pa Ling 1 H. sapiens maxilla [1]
  • Tam Pa Ling 2 H. sapiens mandible [1]
  • Tam Pa Ling 3 H. sapiens partial mandible [1]
  • Tam Pa Ling 6 H. sapiens frontal [1]
  • Tam Pa Ling 7 H. sapiens tibia fragment [1]
• National Museum of Natural History [185]
  • Unprovenienced human teeth [185]
• Naturalis Biodiversity Center [10]
  • Trinil [10]
• Natural History Museum, United Kingdom [30]
  • Boxgrove England [2]
  • Devil's Tower Gibraltar [22]
  • Forbes Quarry Gibraltar [1]
  • Kabwe Broken Hill Zambia [1]
  • Singa Sudan [1]
  • Swanscombe England [1]
  • Skhul Israel [1]
  • Tabun Israel [1]
• Publications [227]
  • Skinner M. M. Gunz P. 2010 The presence of accessory cusps in chimpanzee lower molars is consistent with a patterning cascade model [161]
  • Chapple and Skinner 2022 Primate tooth crown nomenclature revisited [64]
  • Mussi et al. 2023 Science [1]
  • Davies et al. Dental morphology in Homo habilis [1]
• Rockefeller Museum [26]
  • Qafzeh [26]
• Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung [53]
  • SMF-PA-PC-21 P. t. verus cranium [1]
  • SMF-PA-PC-21 P. t. verus mandible [1]
  • SMF-PA-PC-50 P. t. verus cranium [6]
  • SMF-PA-PC-50 P. t. verus mandible [5]
  • SMF-PA-PC-51 P. t. verus cranium [6]
  • SMF-PA-PC-51 P. t. verus mandible [5]
  • SMF-PA-PC-82 P. t. verus cranium [1]
  • SMF-PA-PC-82 P. t. verus mandible [1]
  • SMF-PA-PC-92 P. t. verus cranium [1]
  • SMF-PA-PC-92 P. t. verus mandible [1]
  • SMF-PA-PC-99 P. t. verus cranium [1]
  • SMF-PA-PC-99 P. t. verus mandible [1]
  • SMF-PA-PC-100 P. t. verus cranium [6]
  • SMF-PA-PC-100 P. t. verus mandible [5]
  • SMF-PA-PC-104 P. t. verus cranium [6]
  • SMF-PA-PC-106 P. t. verus cranium [1]
  • SMF-PA-PC-106 P. t. verus mandible [1]
  • SMF-PA-PC-117 P. t. verus cranium [1]
  • SMF-PA-PC-117 P. t. verus mandible [1]
  • SMF-PA-PC-406 P. t. verus cranium [1]
  • SMF-PA-PC-406 P. t. verus mandible [1]
• State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart [106]
  • Steinheim [101]
  • Reilingen [5]
• University of Kent [753]
  • NGA88 SK48 H. sapiens cranium [7]
  • NGA88 SK48 H. sapiens mandible [8]
  • NGA88 SK48 H. sapiens maxilla [5]
  • NGA88 SK72 H. sapiens cranium [7]
  • NGA88 SK72 H. sapiens mandible [8]
  • NGA88 SK86 H. sapiens cranium [8]
  • NGA88 SK86 H. sapiens mandible [7]
  • NGA88 SK170 H. sapiens cranium [7]
  • NGA88 SK170 H. sapiens mandible [8]
  • NGA88 SK227 H. sapiens cranium [9]
  • NGA88 SK227 H. sapiens mandible [7]
  • NGA88 SK227 H. sapiens maxilla [5]
  • NGA88 SK229 H. sapiens cranium [6]
  • NGA88 SK229 H. sapiens mandible [5]
  • NGA88 SK287 H. sapiens cranium [8]
  • NGA88 SK319 H. sapiens cranium [7]
  • NGA88 SK319 H. sapiens mandible [8]
  • NGA88 SK319 H. sapiens mandible highres [8]
  • NGA88 SK319 H. sapiens maxilla [7]
  • NGA88 SK341 H. sapiens cranium [9]
  • NGA88 SK341 H. sapiens mandible [7]
  • NGA88 SK376 H. sapiens mandible highres [8]
  • NGA88 SK376 H. sapiens maxilla [7]
  • NGA88 SK444 H. sapiens cranium [9]
  • NGA88 SK444 H. sapiens mandible [9]
  • NGA88 SK491 H. sapiens cranium [7]
  • NGA88 SK491 H. sapiens mandible [8]
  • NGA88 SK563 H. sapiens cranium [9]
  • NGA88 SK563 H. sapiens mandible [7]
  • NGA88 SK578 H. sapiens cranium [9]
  • NGA88 SK578 H. sapiens mandible [8]
  • NGA88 SK578 H. sapiens mandible highres [8]
  • NGA88 SK578 H. sapiens maxilla [7]
  • NGA88 SK593 H. sapiens cranium [9]
  • NGA88 SK593 H. sapiens mandible [7]
  • NGA88 SK632 H. sapiens cranium [6]
  • NGA88 SK657 H. sapiens mandible [8]
  • NGA88 SK657 H. sapiens mandible highres [7]
  • NGA88 SK657 H. sapiens maxilla [6]
  • NGA88 SK660 H. sapiens cranium [9]
  • NGA88 SK708 H. sapiens mandible highres [6]
  • NGA88 SK708 H. sapiens maxilla [6]
  • NGA88 SK742 H. sapiens cranium [5]
  • NGA88 SK742 H. sapiens mandible [5]
  • NGA88 SK749 H. sapiens cranium [9]
  • NGA88 SK749 H. sapiens mandible [7]
  • NGA88 SK750 H. sapiens cranium [7]
  • NGA88 SK750 H. sapiens mandible [8]
  • NGA88 SK752 H. sapiens cranium [9]
  • NGA88 SK752 H. sapiens mandible [8]
  • NGA88 SK766 H. sapiens cranium [7]
  • NGA88 SK766 H. sapiens mandible [8]
  • NGA88 SK798 H. sapiens cranium [7]
  • NGA88 SK798 H. sapiens mandible [8]
  • NGA88 SK830 H. sapiens cranium [7]
  • NGA88 SK830 H. sapiens mandible [8]
  • NGA88 SK860 H. sapiens mandible [7]
  • NGA88 SK860 H. sapiens mandible highres [6]
  • NGA88 SK860 H. sapiens maxilla [7]
  • NGA88 SK889 H. sapiens mandible highres [6]
  • NGA88 SK889 H. sapiens maxilla [8]
  • NGA88 SK917 H. sapiens cranium [7]
  • NGA88 SK917 H. sapiens mandible [8]
  • NGA88 SK919 H. sapiens cranium [8]
  • NGA88 SK919 H. sapiens mandible [7]
  • NGA88 SK932 H. sapiens cranium [7]
  • NGA88 SK932 H. sapiens mandible [8]
  • NGA88 SK932 H. sapiens mandible highres [5]
  • NGA88 SK977 H. sapiens cranium [9]
  • NGA88 SK977 H. sapiens mand dent [7]
  • NGA88 SK977 H. sapiens mandible [6]
  • NGA88 SK977 H. sapiens maxilla [7]
  • NGA88 SK1030 H. sapiens mandible highres [8]
  • NGA88 SK1053 H. sapiens cranium [7]
  • NGA88 SK1053 H. sapiens mandible [8]
  • NGA88 SK1067 H. sapiens cranium [5]
  • NGA88 SK1067 H. sapiens mandible [5]
  • NGA88 SK1130 H. sapiens cranium [5]
  • NGA88 SK1130 H. sapiens mandible [5]
  • NGA88 SK1212 H. sapiens cranium [7]
  • NGA88 SK1212 H. sapiens mandible [8]
  • NGA88 SK1218 H. sapiens cranium [7]
  • NGA88 SK1218 H. sapiens mandible [8]
  • NGA88 SK1222 H. sapiens cranium [9]
  • NGA88 SK1222 H. sapiens mandible [9]
  • NGB89 SK4 H. sapiens cranium [5]
  • NGB89 SK4 H. sapiens mandible [5]
  • NGB89 SK6 H. sapiens cranium [7]
  • NGB89 SK18 H. sapiens cranium [5]
  • NGB89 SK22 H. sapiens cranium [7]
  • NGB89 SK22 H. sapiens mandible [8]
  • NGB89 SK22 H. sapiens maxilla [7]
  • NGB89 SK36 H. sapiens cranium [7]
  • NGB89 SK36 H. sapiens mandible [8]
  • NGB89 SK51 H. sapiens cranium [8]
  • NGB89 SK51 H. sapiens mandible [7]
  • NGB89 SK52 H. sapiens cranium [7]
  • NGB89 SK52 H. sapiens mandible [8]
  • NGB89 SK72 H. sapiens cranium [7]
  • NGB89 SK72 H. sapiens mandible [8]
  • NGB89 SK73 H. sapiens cranium [5]
  • NGB89 SK73 H. sapiens mandible [5]
  • NGB89 SK73 H. sapiens maxilla [6]
  • NGB89 SK81 H. sapiens cranium [7]
  • NGB89 SK81 H. sapiens mandible [8]
• University of Liège [17]
  • Engis [17]
• University of the Witwatersrand [1980]
  • Makapansgat [79]
  • Rising Star [1217]
  • Sterkfontein [684]
• Online Teaching Resources [31]
  • Fossil hominins [6]
  • Living primates [8]
  • Modern humans [1]
  • Lab exercises for university students [3]
  • Activities for kids [13]

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